What Are the Main Types of Biblical Interpretation and Hermeneutics?

The Bible is a collection of texts written over a span of thousands of years in different cultures and languages. 

Interpreting these texts—understanding what they meant to their original audience and how they speak to us today—requires thoughtful engagement and a variety of methods. 

In this post, we will explore some of the main types of biblical interpretation and hermeneutics.

Historical-Critical Method

The historical-critical method seeks to understand the historical context in which the biblical texts were written. 

It involves the study of language, culture, history, and archaeology. This method helps us appreciate the cultural nuances and historical circumstances that shaped the original message of the text.

Literary Analysis

Literary analysis focuses on the biblical text as a work of literature. It pays attention to literary genres (history, poetry, prophecy, epistle, etc.), plot, characters, themes, and rhetorical devices. 

This approach helps to unveil the richness and depth of the biblical narrative and poetry.

Canonical Approach

The canonical approach looks at the Bible as a unified canon of Scripture. 

It considers how individual books contribute to the overarching story of the Bible—the story of God’s relationship with humanity, from creation, through the fall, redemption, and ultimately, to restoration. 

"All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness..." - 2 Timothy 3:16.

Theological Interpretation

Theological interpretation seeks to understand the theological message of the Bible. It focuses on the Bible’s teachings about God, humanity, salvation, the Church, and the end times. 

This method helps us to understand the core beliefs of the Christian faith.

Allegorical Interpretation

Allegorical interpretation, popular in the early church, looks for hidden or symbolic meanings in the text. 

While this method has been criticized for its potential to read unintended meanings into the text, when used carefully, it can reveal rich, symbolic dimensions of the biblical narrative.

Christocentric Interpretation

The Christocentric approach reads the entire Bible in light of Christ’s life, death, and resurrection. 

It sees Jesus as the climax of the biblical story and interprets Old Testament texts in light of the revelation of Christ in the New Testament. 

"You study the Scriptures diligently because you think that in them you have eternal life. These are the very Scriptures that testify about me..." - John 5:39.

Typological Interpretation

Typological interpretation is a method that identifies types in the Old Testament—a person, event, or thing—that prefigure (or symbolize) a reality fulfilled in the New Testament, often in the person and work of Jesus Christ. 

These 'types' in the Old Testament are seen as divinely intended anticipations of 'antitypes' found in the New Testament. 

An example of this would be the story of Jonah spending three days in the belly of a big fish (Jonah 1:17), which is seen as a type that prefigures the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, who was in the tomb for three days. 

"For as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of a huge fish, so the Son of Man will be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth." - Matthew 12:40. 

Another example is the Passover lamb, whose blood spared the Israelites from the last plague in Egypt (Exodus 12:13), seen as a type of Christ, the Lamb of God, whose blood spares us from spiritual death. 

"The next day John saw Jesus coming toward him and said, 'Look, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world!'" - John 1:29.

Moral Interpretation

Moral interpretation focuses on extracting ethical teachings from the Bible. It seeks to understand the moral principles and values that underlie the biblical narratives and laws. 

By exploring these teachings, moral interpretation guides individuals and communities in living ethically and in line with the values of their faith. 

"Your word is a lamp for my feet, a light on my path." - Psalm 119:105.

Practical Application

Practical application is the step beyond interpretation—it is applying the lessons and teachings of the Bible to our daily lives. 

The Bible is seen not just as a historical or theological text, but a guide for Christian living. 

This method often involves taking a passage, interpreting it using the methods mentioned above, then considering its implications for our behavior, attitudes, and life choices. 

"Do not merely listen to the word, and so deceive yourselves. Do what it says." - James 1:22.

Varying Biblical Interpretation and Hermeneutics but a Unifying Theme

Each of these methods has its unique strengths and potential limitations, and it is often most effective to use a combination of these methods to interpret and apply the Bible in a well-rounded way. 

It is also essential to approach Scripture prayerfully and with an open heart, asking God to guide us in understanding His Word (Psalm 119:18).

Conclusion

These main types of biblical interpretation and hermeneutics provide diverse tools for understanding the Bible. 

Each has its strengths and can illuminate different aspects of the biblical text. 

As Christians seeking to faithfully interpret the Bible, we can benefit from a balanced approach, drawing on these various methods to deepen our understanding of God’s word, and applying its timeless truths to our lives.